Thaumatrope
A Thaumatrope is a small disc, with two pieces of string on opposite sides. An image is drawn on each side of the disc, and is selected in such a way that when the disc is spun, the two images appear to be moving together. For example if a bird was on one side and a cage was on the other, when spun they blend together into an illusion. To spin the disc, one string is held in a hand, and the disc is rotated to wind the string. This motion causes the disc to rotate, first in one direction and then in the opposite. The faster the disc rotates, the greater the clarity of the illusion.The invention of the Thaumatrope, whose name means "turning marvel" or "wonder turner," has often been credited to the astronomer Sir John Herschel. However, it was a well-known London physicist, Dr. John A. Paris, who made this toy popular. Thaumatropes were the first of many optical toys, simple devices that continued to provide animated entertainment until the development of modern cinema.
Phenakistoscope
In 1832, Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and his sons introduced the phenakistoscope. It consisted of two discs mounted on the same axis and the first disc had slots around the edge, and the second contained drawings of successive action, drawn around the disc in continuous circles.
Zoetrope
The zoetrope was invented in 1834 by William Horner, this was based on Plateau's phenakistoscope, but was more convenient since it did not need a viewing mirror and allowed more than one person to use it at the same time.The zoetrope is the third major optical toy, after the thaumatrope and phenakistoscope, that uses the persistence of motion principle to create an illusion of motion. It consists of a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. A sequence of hand-drawn pictures on strips of paper are placed around the inner bottom of the drum. Slots are cut at equal distances around the outer surface of the drum, just above where the picture strips were to be positioned.
Praxinoscope
The Praxinoscope was invented in 1876 by a science teacher called Charles-Emile Reynaud. The Praxinoscope is a very common toy from the 19th century, it consists of a cylinder and a strip of paper showing twelve frames for animation. As the cylinder rotates, stationary mirrors in the centre reveal a ‘single image’ in motion.
Kinetoscope
The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device which was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer at the top of the device. The concept of it was most well-known invented by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1889.It was not a movie projector however it introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the invention of video. This is done by creating the illusion of the movement of a strip made of perforated film which has different images on it and then the film is projected by a light source with a high-speed shutter.
A Thaumatrope is a small disc, with two pieces of string on opposite sides. An image is drawn on each side of the disc, and is selected in such a way that when the disc is spun, the two images appear to be moving together. For example if a bird was on one side and a cage was on the other, when spun they blend together into an illusion. To spin the disc, one string is held in a hand, and the disc is rotated to wind the string. This motion causes the disc to rotate, first in one direction and then in the opposite. The faster the disc rotates, the greater the clarity of the illusion.The invention of the Thaumatrope, whose name means "turning marvel" or "wonder turner," has often been credited to the astronomer Sir John Herschel. However, it was a well-known London physicist, Dr. John A. Paris, who made this toy popular. Thaumatropes were the first of many optical toys, simple devices that continued to provide animated entertainment until the development of modern cinema.
Phenakistoscope
In 1832, Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and his sons introduced the phenakistoscope. It consisted of two discs mounted on the same axis and the first disc had slots around the edge, and the second contained drawings of successive action, drawn around the disc in continuous circles.
Zoetrope
The zoetrope was invented in 1834 by William Horner, this was based on Plateau's phenakistoscope, but was more convenient since it did not need a viewing mirror and allowed more than one person to use it at the same time.The zoetrope is the third major optical toy, after the thaumatrope and phenakistoscope, that uses the persistence of motion principle to create an illusion of motion. It consists of a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. A sequence of hand-drawn pictures on strips of paper are placed around the inner bottom of the drum. Slots are cut at equal distances around the outer surface of the drum, just above where the picture strips were to be positioned.
Praxinoscope
The Praxinoscope was invented in 1876 by a science teacher called Charles-Emile Reynaud. The Praxinoscope is a very common toy from the 19th century, it consists of a cylinder and a strip of paper showing twelve frames for animation. As the cylinder rotates, stationary mirrors in the centre reveal a ‘single image’ in motion.
Kinetoscope
The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device which was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer at the top of the device. The concept of it was most well-known invented by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1889.It was not a movie projector however it introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the invention of video. This is done by creating the illusion of the movement of a strip made of perforated film which has different images on it and then the film is projected by a light source with a high-speed shutter.
Otmar GutmannOtmar Gutmann was born on the 24th of April, 1937 in Schwarzwald, Germany.
He is most well known for creating the popular childrens program 'pingu'.
Adam Shaheen
Adam Shaheen was born on the 13th of October, 1964 in London, England.
He is a television producer, and is also the owner of Cuppa Coffee Studios. He has produced in shows such as, Jo Jo's Circus, The Wrong Cast, Celebrity Deathmatch, Little People and Starveillance. He has produced over 400 commercials, and worked with big companies such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Disney, Warner Bros, MTV and many more. Due to this, he has also won 150 international awards.
George Pal
George Pal was born on the 1st of February, 1908, in Cegled, Austria.He was highly developed in drawing skills and although there were no opportunities for an architect when he left university, he began working at Hunnia Films in Budapest. He created titles for silent movies, and learned about motion picture animation. In 1931-1932, George Pal also worked at UFA Studios which was in Berlin, and was the head of the cartoon department. He started taking a liking into animating inanimate objects, which led to his stop-motion photography. He was most famous for his Puppetoons films, of which are The Ship of the Ether,The Time Machine and War of the Worlds.
Ray Harryhausen
Ray Harryhausen was born on the 29th of June in 1920, in Los Angeles.
After seeing George Pal's King Kong, at 13 years old he started researching film effects and stop-motion photography. After World War 2 he started working with Willis O'Brien and started working on animations with him. Harryhausen became most famous for his 'The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms' film in 1953, after he was hired by Warner Bros. He is now famously known for his stop-motion special effects in fantasy films.
Phil Tippett
Phil Tippett was born on September 27th, 1951 in Berkeley California.
When he was a child he was inspired by Ray Harryhausen's stop-motion The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad and King Kong by Willis O'Brien. He then got a Fine Arts degree from the University of California.
He started to help create effects and stop-motion for films, and his most famous work from doing so was The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. When he left ILM and created Tippett Studio, he created his own stop motion animations,including Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Willow, Dinosaur!, and the Robocop Trilogy.
Willis O'Brien
Willis O'Brien was born on March 2nd, 1886 in Oakland, California.
When he was a teenager he thought of himself to be a boxer, however started writing stories and took on the path of film making and animating. In 1933 he began working on the animation of King Kong, and 16 years later in 1949 he became the he head technician, and started to work on the animation of Mighty Joe Young. These were also the two animations he was most famous for producing.
Tim Burton and Henry Selick
Tim Burton was born on August 25th, 1958 in Burbank California, and Henry Selick was born November 30th, 1952 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey.Tim Burton is known for his gothic and dark films and worked closely with actor Johnny Depp. These are films he is most famous for; Nick Park: Nicholas Park was born December 6th, 1958 in Preston, Lancashire. His first stop motion was made at the age of 13 years old, after he joined Aardman Animations. As a child he loved to draw and took after his father, who was an amateur inventor. He then studied art at Sheffield City Polytechnic. His most famous animation he made was Wallace and Gromit, however he also created Chicken Run and The Wrong Trousers. He made these animations out of clay models, and the originals cost $20,000 to replace when they got lost. PART 3
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Stop-motion Animation TV Programme - Pingu 2005
Pingu is an example of stop motion animation. Its a children's TV programme
Stop-motion Animation Feature Film - Fantastic Mr. Fox - 2009
Stop-motion Animation Advert - Xbox 360 Commercial from 2007.
Stop-Motion Music Video - The White Stripes 'fell in love with a girl' 2009
I think animation is made to create something that would not be possible to do normally. For example if a person was to jump in the air they would come straight down again in a normal video, but by taking images and creating the same frame it gives the illusion of someone floating. And for other types of animation with lego and plasticine animating them gives the objects 'human-like' qualities. All types of animation including simple types will still exist in the future as i think people find watching the very satisfying.
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